|
Evidence-based management (EBMgt or EBM) is an emerging movement to explicitly use the current, best evidence in management and decision-making. Its roots are in empiricism and well developed in evidence-based medicine and evidence based policy. These are quality movements aimed at applying the scientific method to evaluating practice. == Overview == Evidence-based management entails managerial decisions and organizational practices informed by the best available scientific evidence, where best evidence is understood in terms of norms from the natural sciences. Like its counterparts in medicine〔(e.g., Sackett, et al., 2000)〕 and to a lesser extent education,〔(e.g., Thomas & Pring, 2004)〕 the judgments EBMgt entails also consider the circumstances and ethical concerns managerial decisions involve. In contrast to medicine in particular, however, contemporary managers and management educators make limited use of the vast behavioral science evidence base relevant to effective management practice.〔(Walshe & Rundall, 1999; Rousseau, 2005, 2006; Pfeffer & Sutton, 2001).〕 An important part of EBMgt is educating current and future managers in evidence-based practices. The EBMgt website maintained at Stanford University provides a repository of syllabi, cases, and tools that can inform the teaching of evidence-based management. Efforts to promote EBMgt face greater challenges than have other evidence-based initiatives. In medicine there is more consensus as to what constitutes best evidence than in the social sciences more generally, and management in particular. Unlike medicine, nursing, education, and law enforcement, "Management" is not a profession. There are no established legal or cultural requirements regarding education or knowledge for an individual to become a manager. Managers have diverse disciplinary backgrounds. A college degree may be required for an MBA – but not to be a manager. No formal body of shared knowledge characterizes managers, making it unlikely that peer pressure will be exerted to promote use of evidence by any manager who refuses to do so. Little shared language or terminology exists, making it difficult for managers to hold discussions of evidence or evidence-based practices.〔(Rousseau, 2005, 2006)〕 For this reason, the adoption of evidence-based practices is likely to be organization-specific, where leaders take the initiative to build an evidence-based culture.〔(Pfeffer & Sutton, 2006)〕 Practices an evidence-based organizational culture employs include systematic accumulation and analysis of data gathered on the organization and its functioning, problem-based reading and discussion of research summaries by managers and staff, and the making of organizational decisions informed by both best available research and organizational information. Organizations successfully pursuing evidence-based management typically go through cycles of experimentation and redesign of their practices to create an evidence-based culture consistent with their values and mission. Although some advocates of EBMgt argue that it is more likely to be adopted in knowledge-intensive organizations, recent (research ) at the University of Oxford into leading organizations in the healthcare industry found that managers and clinical leaders used a variety of forms of knowledge, drawing on formal academic knowledge, experiential knowledge, as well as consulting trusted colleagues. The researchers concluded that skilful knowledge leadership is crucial in translating EBMgt and other abstract academic knowledge into material that is actually relevant to practising managers in specific contexts.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.sbs.ox.ac.uk/newsandevents/releases/Pages/healthcare.aspx )〕 At present, there are initiatives in several parts of the world, through the EBMgt Collaborative jointly sponsored by Carnegie Mellon University, the Academy of Management, the Advanced Institute of Management (UK), and John Wiley & Sons,〔()〕 in Canada through CHERF, the Canadian Health Education and Research Foundation, to begin building communities promoting EBMgt. Another example is the Center for Health Management Research affiliated with the Health Research & Educational Trust of the American Hospital Association.〔()〕 As an example of the types of initiatives and organizations promoting EBMgt, the EBMgt Collaborative has as its Credo: Evidence-Based Management (EBMgt) enhances the overall quality of organizational decisions and practices through deliberative use of relevant and best available scientific evidence. EBMgt combines conscientious, judicious use of best evidence with individual expertise; ethics; valid, reliable business and organizational facts; and consideration of impact on stakeholders. Working with the Society for Industrial/Organizational Psychology, The EBMgt Collaborative commissions practitioner-focused summaries of best evidence for the SIOP publication ''Science You Can Use.'' Software organizations can leverage EBMgt to measure the value they deliver as a whole. By evaluating the valuable outcomes of the organization, it can determine which parts of the software delivery process contribute to them. This helps focus investments to areas of high-impact first and provides a framework for reevaluating their success in short-cycles. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Evidence-based management」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|